The url module provides utilities for URL resolution and parsing. It can be\naccessed using:
const url = require('url');\nA URL string is a structured string containing multiple meaningful components.\nWhen parsed, a URL object is returned containing properties for each of these\ncomponents.
\nThe url module provides two APIs for working with URLs: a legacy API that is\nNode.js specific, and a newer API that implements the same\nWHATWG URL Standard used by web browsers.
Note: While the Legacy API has not been deprecated, it is maintained solely\nfor backwards compatibility with existing applications. New application code\nshould use the WHATWG API.
\nA comparison between the WHATWG and Legacy APIs is provided below. Above the URL\n'http://user:pass@sub.host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash', properties of\nan object returned by the legacy url.parse() are shown. Below it are\nproperties of a WHATWG URL object.
Note: WHATWG URL's origin property includes protocol and host, but not\nusername or password.
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐\n│ href │\n├──────────┬──┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────┤\n│ protocol │ │ auth │ host │ path │ hash │\n│ │ │ ├──────────────┬──────┼──────────┬────────────────┤ │\n│ │ │ │ hostname │ port │ pathname │ search │ │\n│ │ │ │ │ │ ├─┬──────────────┤ │\n│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ query │ │\n" https: // user : pass @ sub.host.com : 8080 /p/a/t/h ? query=string #hash "\n│ │ │ │ │ hostname │ port │ │ │ │\n│ │ │ │ ├──────────────┴──────┤ │ │ │\n│ protocol │ │ username │ password │ host │ │ │ │\n├──────────┴──┼──────────┴──────────┼─────────────────────┤ │ │ │\n│ origin │ │ origin │ pathname │ search │ hash │\n├─────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────┤\n│ href │\n└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘\n(all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting)\nParsing the URL string using the WHATWG API:
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL =\n new URL('https://user:pass@sub.host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash');\nNote: In Web Browsers, the WHATWG URL class is a global that is always\navailable. In Node.js, however, the URL class must be accessed via\nrequire('url').URL.
Parsing the URL string using the Legacy API:
\nconst url = require('url');\nconst myURL =\n url.parse('https://user:pass@sub.host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash');\nBrowser-compatible URL class, implemented by following the WHATWG URL\nStandard. Examples of parsed URLs may be found in the Standard itself.
Note: In accordance with browser conventions, all properties of URL objects\nare implemented as getters and setters on the class prototype, rather than as\ndata properties on the object itself. Thus, unlike legacy urlObjects, using\nthe delete keyword on any properties of URL objects (e.g. delete\nmyURL.protocol, delete myURL.pathname, etc) has no effect but will still\nreturn true.
input {string} The input URL to parsebase {string|URL} The base URL to resolve against if the input is not\nabsolute.Creates a new URL object by parsing the input relative to the base. If\nbase is passed as a string, it will be parsed equivalent to new URL(base).
const { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('/foo', 'https://example.org/');\n// https://example.org/foo\nA TypeError will be thrown if the input or base are not valid URLs. Note\nthat an effort will be made to coerce the given values into strings. For\ninstance:
const { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL({ toString: () => 'https://example.org/' });\n// https://example.org/\nUnicode characters appearing within the hostname of input will be\nautomatically converted to ASCII using the Punycode algorithm.
const { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://你好你好');\n// https://xn--6qqa088eba/\nNote: This feature is only available if the node executable was compiled\nwith ICU enabled. If not, the domain names are passed through unchanged.
Gets and sets the fragment portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo#bar');\nconsole.log(myURL.hash);\n// Prints #bar\n\nmyURL.hash = 'baz';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/foo#baz\nInvalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the hash property\nare percent-encoded. Note that the selection of which characters to\npercent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse() and\nurl.format() methods would produce.
Gets and sets the host portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org:81/foo');\nconsole.log(myURL.host);\n// Prints example.org:81\n\nmyURL.host = 'example.com:82';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.com:82/foo\nInvalid host values assigned to the host property are ignored.
Gets and sets the hostname portion of the URL. The key difference between\nurl.host and url.hostname is that url.hostname does not include the\nport.
const { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org:81/foo');\nconsole.log(myURL.hostname);\n// Prints example.org\n\nmyURL.hostname = 'example.com:82';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.com:81/foo\nInvalid hostname values assigned to the hostname property are ignored.
Gets and sets the serialized URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/foo\n\nmyURL.href = 'https://example.com/bar';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.com/bar\nGetting the value of the href property is equivalent to calling\nurl.toString().
Setting the value of this property to a new value is equivalent to creating a\nnew URL object using new URL(value). Each of the URL\nobject's properties will be modified.
If the value assigned to the href property is not a valid URL, a TypeError\nwill be thrown.
Gets the read-only serialization of the URL's origin.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/foo/bar?baz');\nconsole.log(myURL.origin);\n// Prints https://example.org\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst idnURL = new URL('https://你好你好');\nconsole.log(idnURL.origin);\n// Prints https://xn--6qqa088eba\n\nconsole.log(idnURL.hostname);\n// Prints xn--6qqa088eba\nGets and sets the password portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://abc:xyz@example.com');\nconsole.log(myURL.password);\n// Prints xyz\n\nmyURL.password = '123';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://abc:123@example.com\nInvalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the password property\nare percent-encoded. Note that the selection of which characters to\npercent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse() and\nurl.format() methods would produce.
Gets and sets the path portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/abc/xyz?123');\nconsole.log(myURL.pathname);\n// Prints /abc/xyz\n\nmyURL.pathname = '/abcdef';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/abcdef?123\nInvalid URL characters included in the value assigned to the pathname\nproperty are percent-encoded. Note that the selection of which characters\nto percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse() and\nurl.format() methods would produce.
Gets and sets the port portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org:8888');\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 8888\n\n// Default ports are automatically transformed to the empty string\n// (HTTPS protocol's default port is 443)\nmyURL.port = '443';\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints the empty string\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/\n\nmyURL.port = 1234;\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 1234\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org:1234/\n\n// Completely invalid port strings are ignored\nmyURL.port = 'abcd';\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 1234\n\n// Leading numbers are treated as a port number\nmyURL.port = '5678abcd';\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 5678\n\n// Non-integers are truncated\nmyURL.port = 1234.5678;\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 1234\n\n// Out-of-range numbers are ignored\nmyURL.port = 1e10;\nconsole.log(myURL.port);\n// Prints 1234\nThe port value may be set as either a number or as a String containing a number\nin the range 0 to 65535 (inclusive). Setting the value to the default port\nof the URL objects given protocol will result in the port value becoming\nthe empty string ('').
If an invalid string is assigned to the port property, but it begins with a\nnumber, the leading number is assigned to port. Otherwise, or if the number\nlies outside the range denoted above, it is ignored.
Gets and sets the protocol portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org');\nconsole.log(myURL.protocol);\n// Prints https:\n\nmyURL.protocol = 'ftp';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints ftp://example.org/\nInvalid URL protocol values assigned to the protocol property are ignored.
Gets and sets the serialized query portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/abc?123');\nconsole.log(myURL.search);\n// Prints ?123\n\nmyURL.search = 'abc=xyz';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/abc?abc=xyz\nAny invalid URL characters appearing in the value assigned the search\nproperty will be percent-encoded. Note that the selection of which\ncharacters to percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()\nand url.format() methods would produce.
Gets the URLSearchParams object representing the query parameters of the\nURL. This property is read-only; to replace the entirety of query parameters of\nthe URL, use the url.search setter. See URLSearchParams\ndocumentation for details.
Gets and sets the username portion of the URL.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://abc:xyz@example.com');\nconsole.log(myURL.username);\n// Prints abc\n\nmyURL.username = '123';\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://123:xyz@example.com/\nAny invalid URL characters appearing in the value assigned the username\nproperty will be percent-encoded. Note that the selection of which\ncharacters to percent-encode may vary somewhat from what the url.parse()\nand url.format() methods would produce.
The toString() method on the URL object returns the serialized URL. The\nvalue returned is equivalent to that of url.href and url.toJSON().
Because of the need for standard compliance, this method does not allow users\nto customize the serialization process of the URL.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "url.toJSON()", "type": "method", "name": "toJSON", "signatures": [ { "return": { "textRaw": "Returns: {string} ", "name": "return", "type": "string" }, "params": [] }, { "params": [] } ], "desc": "The toJSON() method on the URL object returns the serialized URL. The\nvalue returned is equivalent to that of url.href and\nurl.toString().
This method is automatically called when an URL object is serialized\nwith JSON.stringify().
const { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURLs = [\n new URL('https://www.example.com'),\n new URL('https://test.example.org')\n];\nconsole.log(JSON.stringify(myURLs));\n// Prints ["https://www.example.com/","https://test.example.org/"]\nThe URLSearchParams API provides read and write access to the query of a\nURL. The URLSearchParams class can also be used standalone with one of the\nfour following constructors.
The WHATWG URLSearchParams interface and the querystring module have\nsimilar purpose, but the purpose of the querystring module is more\ngeneral, as it allows the customization of delimiter characters (& and =).\nOn the other hand, this API is designed purely for URL query strings.
const { URL, URLSearchParams } = require('url');\n\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/?abc=123');\nconsole.log(myURL.searchParams.get('abc'));\n// Prints 123\n\nmyURL.searchParams.append('abc', 'xyz');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/?abc=123&abc=xyz\n\nmyURL.searchParams.delete('abc');\nmyURL.searchParams.set('a', 'b');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/?a=b\n\nconst newSearchParams = new URLSearchParams(myURL.searchParams);\n// The above is equivalent to\n// const newSearchParams = new URLSearchParams(myURL.search);\n\nnewSearchParams.append('a', 'c');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/?a=b\nconsole.log(newSearchParams.toString());\n// Prints a=b&a=c\n\n// newSearchParams.toString() is implicitly called\nmyURL.search = newSearchParams;\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/?a=b&a=c\nnewSearchParams.delete('a');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://example.org/?a=b&a=c\nInstantiate a new empty URLSearchParams object.
string {string} A query stringParse the string as a query string, and use it to instantiate a new\nURLSearchParams object. A leading '?', if present, is ignored.
const { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nlet params;\n\nparams = new URLSearchParams('user=abc&query=xyz');\nconsole.log(params.get('user'));\n// Prints 'abc'\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'\n\nparams = new URLSearchParams('?user=abc&query=xyz');\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'\nobj {Object} An object representing a collection of key-value pairsInstantiate a new URLSearchParams object with a query hash map. The key and\nvalue of each property of obj are always coerced to strings.
Note: Unlike querystring module, duplicate keys in the form of array\nvalues are not allowed. Arrays are stringified using array.toString(),\nwhich simply joins all array elements with commas.
const { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nconst params = new URLSearchParams({\n user: 'abc',\n query: ['first', 'second']\n});\nconsole.log(params.getAll('query'));\n// Prints [ 'first,second' ]\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=first%2Csecond'\niterable {Iterable} An iterable object whose elements are key-value pairsInstantiate a new URLSearchParams object with an iterable map in a way that\nis similar to Map's constructor. iterable can be an Array or any\niterable object. That means iterable can be another URLSearchParams, in\nwhich case the constructor will simply create a clone of the provided\nURLSearchParams. Elements of iterable are key-value pairs, and can\nthemselves be any iterable object.
Duplicate keys are allowed.
\nconst { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nlet params;\n\n// Using an array\nparams = new URLSearchParams([\n ['user', 'abc'],\n ['query', 'first'],\n ['query', 'second']\n]);\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=first&query=second'\n\n// Using a Map object\nconst map = new Map();\nmap.set('user', 'abc');\nmap.set('query', 'xyz');\nparams = new URLSearchParams(map);\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=xyz'\n\n// Using a generator function\nfunction* getQueryPairs() {\n yield ['user', 'abc'];\n yield ['query', 'first'];\n yield ['query', 'second'];\n}\nparams = new URLSearchParams(getQueryPairs());\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints 'user=abc&query=first&query=second'\n\n// Each key-value pair must have exactly two elements\nnew URLSearchParams([\n ['user', 'abc', 'error']\n]);\n// Throws TypeError [ERR_INVALID_TUPLE]:\n// Each query pair must be an iterable [name, value] tuple\nAppend a new name-value pair to the query string.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlSearchParams.delete(name)", "type": "method", "name": "delete", "signatures": [ { "params": [ { "textRaw": "`name` {string} ", "name": "name", "type": "string" } ] }, { "params": [ { "name": "name" } ] } ], "desc": "Remove all name-value pairs whose name is name.
Returns an ES6 Iterator over each of the name-value pairs in the query.\nEach item of the iterator is a JavaScript Array. The first item of the Array\nis the name, the second item of the Array is the value.
Alias for urlSearchParams[@@iterator]().
Iterates over each name-value pair in the query and invokes the given function.
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://example.org/?a=b&c=d');\nmyURL.searchParams.forEach((value, name, searchParams) => {\n console.log(name, value, myURL.searchParams === searchParams);\n});\n// Prints:\n// a b true\n// c d true\nReturns the value of the first name-value pair whose name is name. If there\nare no such pairs, null is returned.
Returns the values of all name-value pairs whose name is name. If there are\nno such pairs, an empty array is returned.
Returns true if there is at least one name-value pair whose name is name.
Returns an ES6 Iterator over the names of each name-value pair.
\nconst { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nconst params = new URLSearchParams('foo=bar&foo=baz');\nfor (const name of params.keys()) {\n console.log(name);\n}\n// Prints:\n// foo\n// foo\nSets the value in the URLSearchParams object associated with name to\nvalue. If there are any pre-existing name-value pairs whose names are name,\nset the first such pair's value to value and remove all others. If not,\nappend the name-value pair to the query string.
const { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\n\nconst params = new URLSearchParams();\nparams.append('foo', 'bar');\nparams.append('foo', 'baz');\nparams.append('abc', 'def');\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints foo=bar&foo=baz&abc=def\n\nparams.set('foo', 'def');\nparams.set('xyz', 'opq');\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints foo=def&abc=def&xyz=opq\nSort all existing name-value pairs in-place by their names. Sorting is done\nwith a stable sorting algorithm, so relative order between name-value pairs\nwith the same name is preserved.
\nThis method can be used, in particular, to increase cache hits.
\nconst { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nconst params = new URLSearchParams('query[]=abc&type=search&query[]=123');\nparams.sort();\nconsole.log(params.toString());\n// Prints query%5B%5D=abc&query%5B%5D=123&type=search\nReturns the search parameters serialized as a string, with characters\npercent-encoded where necessary.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlSearchParams.values()", "type": "method", "name": "values", "signatures": [ { "return": { "textRaw": "Returns: {Iterator} ", "name": "return", "type": "Iterator" }, "params": [] }, { "params": [] } ], "desc": "Returns an ES6 Iterator over the values of each name-value pair.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlSearchParams\\[@@iterator\\]()", "type": "method", "name": "urlSearchParams\\[@@iterator\\]", "signatures": [ { "return": { "textRaw": "Returns: {Iterator} ", "name": "return", "type": "Iterator" }, "params": [] }, { "params": [] } ], "desc": "Returns an ES6 Iterator over each of the name-value pairs in the query string.\nEach item of the iterator is a JavaScript Array. The first item of the Array\nis the name, the second item of the Array is the value.
Alias for urlSearchParams.entries().
const { URLSearchParams } = require('url');\nconst params = new URLSearchParams('foo=bar&xyz=baz');\nfor (const [name, value] of params) {\n console.log(name, value);\n}\n// Prints:\n// foo bar\n// xyz baz\nReturns the Punycode ASCII serialization of the domain. If domain is an\ninvalid domain, the empty string is returned.
It performs the inverse operation to url.domainToUnicode().
const url = require('url');\nconsole.log(url.domainToASCII('español.com'));\n// Prints xn--espaol-zwa.com\nconsole.log(url.domainToASCII('中文.com'));\n// Prints xn--fiq228c.com\nconsole.log(url.domainToASCII('xn--iñvalid.com'));\n// Prints an empty string\nReturns the Unicode serialization of the domain. If domain is an invalid\ndomain, the empty string is returned.
It performs the inverse operation to url.domainToASCII().
const url = require('url');\nconsole.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--espaol-zwa.com'));\n// Prints español.com\nconsole.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--fiq228c.com'));\n// Prints 中文.com\nconsole.log(url.domainToUnicode('xn--iñvalid.com'));\n// Prints an empty string\nThe legacy urlObject (require('url').Url) is created and returned by the\nurl.parse() function.
The auth property is the username and password portion of the URL, also\nreferred to as "userinfo". This string subset follows the protocol and\ndouble slashes (if present) and precedes the host component, delimited by an\nASCII "at sign" (@). The format of the string is {username}[:{password}],\nwith the [:{password}] portion being optional.
For example: 'user:pass'
The hash property consists of the "fragment" portion of the URL including\nthe leading ASCII hash (#) character.
For example: '#hash'
The host property is the full lower-cased host portion of the URL, including\nthe port if specified.
For example: 'sub.host.com:8080'
The hostname property is the lower-cased host name portion of the host\ncomponent without the port included.
For example: 'sub.host.com'
The href property is the full URL string that was parsed with both the\nprotocol and host components converted to lower-case.
For example: 'http://user:pass@sub.host.com:8080/p/a/t/h?query=string#hash'
The port property is the numeric port portion of the host component.
For example: '8080'
The pathname property consists of the entire path section of the URL. This\nis everything following the host (including the port) and before the start\nof the query or hash components, delimited by either the ASCII question\nmark (?) or hash (#) characters.
For example '/p/a/t/h'
No decoding of the path string is performed.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlObject.search", "name": "search", "desc": "The search property consists of the entire "query string" portion of the\nURL, including the leading ASCII question mark (?) character.
For example: '?query=string'
No decoding of the query string is performed.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlObject.path", "name": "path", "desc": "The path property is a concatenation of the pathname and search\ncomponents.
For example: '/p/a/t/h?query=string'
No decoding of the path is performed.
The query property is either the query string without the leading ASCII\nquestion mark (?), or an object returned by the querystring module's\nparse() method. Whether the query property is a string or object is\ndetermined by the parseQueryString argument passed to url.parse().
For example: 'query=string' or {'query': 'string'}
If returned as a string, no decoding of the query string is performed. If\nreturned as an object, both keys and values are decoded.
\n", "properties": [ { "textRaw": "urlObject.search", "name": "search", "desc": "The search property consists of the entire "query string" portion of the\nURL, including the leading ASCII question mark (?) character.
For example: '?query=string'
No decoding of the query string is performed.
\n" }, { "textRaw": "urlObject.slashes", "name": "slashes", "desc": "The slashes property is a boolean with a value of true if two ASCII\nforward-slash characters (/) are required following the colon in the\nprotocol.
The url.format() method returns a formatted URL string derived from\nurlObject.
If urlObject is not an object or a string, url.format() will throw a\nTypeError.
The formatting process operates as follows:
\nresult is created.urlObject.protocol is a string, it is appended as-is to result.urlObject.protocol is not undefined and is not a string, an\nError is thrown.urlObject.protocol that do not end with an ASCII\ncolon (:) character, the literal string : will be appended to result.//\nwill be appended to result:urlObject.slashes property is true;urlObject.protocol begins with http, https, ftp, gopher, or\nfile;urlObject.auth property is truthy, and either\nurlObject.host or urlObject.hostname are not undefined, the value of\nurlObject.auth will be coerced into a string and appended to result\n followed by the literal string @.urlObject.host property is undefined then:urlObject.hostname is a string, it is appended to result.urlObject.hostname is not undefined and is not a string,\nan Error is thrown.urlObject.port property value is truthy, and urlObject.hostname\nis not undefined:: is appended to result, andurlObject.port is coerced to a string and appended to\nresult.urlObject.host property value is truthy, the value of\nurlObject.host is coerced to a string and appended to result.urlObject.pathname property is a string that is not an empty string:urlObject.pathname does not start with an ASCII forward slash\n(/), then the literal string '/' is appended to result.urlObject.pathname is appended to result.urlObject.pathname is not undefined and is not a string, an\nError is thrown.urlObject.search property is undefined and if the urlObject.query\nproperty is an Object, the literal string ? is appended to result\nfollowed by the output of calling the querystring module's stringify()\nmethod passing the value of urlObject.query.urlObject.search is a string:urlObject.search does not start with the ASCII question\nmark (?) character, the literal string ? is appended to result.urlObject.search is appended to result.urlObject.search is not undefined and is not a string, an\nError is thrown.urlObject.hash property is a string:urlObject.hash does not start with the ASCII hash (#)\ncharacter, the literal string # is appended to result.urlObject.hash is appended to result.urlObject.hash property is not undefined and is not a\nstring, an Error is thrown.result is returned.The url.parse() method takes a URL string, parses it, and returns a URL\nobject.
The url.resolve() method resolves a target URL relative to a base URL in a\nmanner similar to that of a Web browser resolving an anchor tag HREF.
For example:
\nurl.resolve('/one/two/three', 'four'); // '/one/two/four'\nurl.resolve('http://example.com/', '/one'); // 'http://example.com/one'\nurl.resolve('http://example.com/one', '/two'); // 'http://example.com/two'\nURLs are permitted to only contain a certain range of characters. Any character\nfalling outside of that range must be encoded. How such characters are encoded,\nand which characters to encode depends entirely on where the character is\nlocated within the structure of the URL.
\n", "modules": [ { "textRaw": "Legacy API", "name": "legacy_api", "desc": "Within the Legacy API, spaces (' ') and the following characters will be\nautomatically escaped in the properties of URL objects:
< > " ` \\r \\n \\t { } | \\ ^ '\nFor example, the ASCII space character (' ') is encoded as %20. The ASCII\nforward slash (/) character is encoded as %3C.
The WHATWG URL Standard uses a more selective and fine grained approach to\nselecting encoded characters than that used by the Legacy API.
\nThe WHATWG algorithm defines three "percent-encode sets" that describe ranges\nof characters that must be percent-encoded:
\nThe C0 control percent-encode set includes code points in range U+0000 to\nU+001F (inclusive) and all code points greater than U+007E.
\nThe path percent-encode set includes the C0 control percent-encode set\nand code points U+0020, U+0022, U+0023, U+003C, U+003E, U+003F, U+0060,\nU+007B, and U+007D.
\nThe userinfo encode set includes the path percent-encode set and code\npoints U+002F, U+003A, U+003B, U+003D, U+0040, U+005B, U+005C, U+005D,\nU+005E, and U+007C.
\nThe userinfo percent-encode set is used exclusively for username and\npasswords encoded within the URL. The path percent-encode set is used for the\npath of most URLs. The C0 control percent-encode set is used for all\nother cases, including URL fragments in particular, but also host and path\nunder certain specific conditions.
\nWhen non-ASCII characters appear within a hostname, the hostname is encoded\nusing the Punycode algorithm. Note, however, that a hostname may contain\nboth Punycode encoded and percent-encoded characters. For example:
\nconst { URL } = require('url');\nconst myURL = new URL('https://%CF%80.com/foo');\nconsole.log(myURL.href);\n// Prints https://xn--1xa.com/foo\nconsole.log(myURL.origin);\n// Prints https://π.com\n